KNOW SOMETHING
A rainbow trout swimming above a stony streambed in clear water
Nature

Field observers keep finding fish holding station in churning water when calmer flow is available a body length away. Behind an obstacle a trout adopts the , swinging its body wide and beating its tail in time with the vortices coming off the cylinder. The obvious reading is that it is hiding in the slack water. Liao put electrodes in the swimming muscles to see what they were doing. How much work is the fish putting in?

Tested in animals
A computed reconstruction of white matter fibre bundles in the human brain, in different colours
Brain and body

Every tissue in the body has a to carry waste away, and the brain has none, although it burns about a fifth of the body’s energy. To see how it clears anyway, researchers injected a glowing tracer into the of mice and filmed the living brain awake and asleep. What changed between the two?

Tested in animals
The Rosetta Stone, three kinds of script carved into a dark slab
History of science

Knowledge of how to read and write hieroglyphs disappeared soon after the fourth century, and the script then sat unreadable for fourteen hundred years. In July of seventeen ninety-nine, French soldiers digging foundations for a fort near Rashid, on the Nile delta, turned up a broken slab built into an old wall. Their officer saw at once that it mattered. What made it the key?

From observation
A city street shaded under a row of mature trees
Environment

Two numbers about the same city trees sound like they are arguing. One says the trees cancel close to half of the urban heat effect. The other says they pull the thermometer down by a fraction of a degree. Both are correct, so how do they fit together?

Physical measurement
Quick question

How does a caesium atom decide how long a second is?

An old Soviet birth certificate form in yellowish tones with headings in Russian and Belarusian
History of science

Where do the oldest people in the world live? Where there are no birth certificates

What is a good predictor that someone will be recorded as 110 years old?

A realistic facial reconstruction of Ötzi the Iceman
Archaeology

On 19 September 1991 two German hikers found a human corpse at 3,210 meters near , in the Schnalstal valley, with only the upper body protruding from the ice. The obvious reading was a mountaineering accident. Everything that followed over the next days was run on that assumption.

From observation
An anatomical engraving of the abdominal cavity from 1822
Brain and body

was presented for years as the textbook case of a , one that lost its job. Except that it is unusually rich in , which does not suit an organ with nothing to do. So what is it doing?

Tested in people
A pale lunar rainbow arcing over a wide waterfall and spray under a dark night sky
Space

Moonlight is reflected sunlight, so it carries the same spectrum, and a water droplet does not care which direction its illumination arrived from. Rainbows do occur at night, made by the moon rather than the sun. They are rare, and they need a and low moon, a dark sky and water droplets opposite it. To the naked eye they look white.

Physical measurement
Quick question

Which planet was discovered as a comet that refused to behave like one?

A fluorescently stained microscope image of a white blood cell and anthrax bacteria
History of science

An extraordinary disease outbreak hit the Soviet city of Sverdlovsk in April of nineteen seventy-nine, serious enough that the authorities imposed a and did not get the situation under control until late May. The Soviet Union announced nothing, which was unlike its handling of natural epidemics. The Weapon and Space Systems Intelligence Committee reviewed what was known. What did it find?

From observation
White woolly colonies of cochineal scale insects covering green areas of a prickly pear pad
Nature

Three separate groups of insects supplied red dye for most of recorded history: the cochineal dyes, the dye and the lac dye. All three share a chemistry and differ in which acid carries the color. Cooksey reviewed the structures, the histories and what became of each of them. Which one survived into industry?

Tested in animals
A wall of tiles in a repeating pattern
Psychology

The effect says familiarity breeds liking, and it is one of the most repeated findings in social psychology. If it were simply true, more exposure would always mean more liking. A meta-analysis pulled 268 out of 81 articles to see what shape the relationship actually has.

Tested in people
A colorful Penrose tiling with a non-repeating pattern
Mathematics

Tile a floor with squares or hexagons and the design repeats: slide the whole pattern far enough and it lands on itself. For a long time that looked like what tiling meant. Penrose produced a pair of shapes for which it is impossible.

From simulation
Quick question

Why does the Bill of Rights look like it was addressed to "Congrefs"?

A pink axolotl with branching external gills
Nature

When a mammal is injured the body closes the wound fast with scar tissue, which saves lives and blocks any rebuilding. In an something else entirely happens at the cut. What gets built there?

Tested in animals
A concert hall full of audience watching a lit stage
Art

An audience at a concert hears the same music at the same moment, and each person experiences it alone in their own head. To find out whether the body responds together, heart rate, , and movement were recorded in a hundred and thirty-two listeners. What synchronized?

Tested in people
A spiral galaxy photographed by the Hubble Space Telescope
Space

Dark matter is a central element of modern cosmology, and the standard model of the universe does not work without it. The story of how it got there is usually told as an anecdote about a few pioneering scientists. Bertone and Hooper set out to check that telling against the record.

From observation
A girl eating cauliflower and other vegetables at a table
Psychology

Advice to parents about fussy eating usually arrives as information: a leaflet, a word about nutrition, an explanation of why vegetables matter. A trial put that against something far duller. 156 parents of two to six year olds picked a vegetable their child already disliked, then drew one of three groups: taste it daily for a fortnight, receive nutrition advice, or do nothing at all. Whose children changed?

Tested in people
Quick question

Which Italian word filled Mars with canals that were never there?